Journal of Theoretical, Clinical and Experimental Morphology

ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL METHODS FOR MORPHOMETRY THYROID GLAND

2023-04-07T03:53:09-06:00

The purpose of this study was to assess the possibilities of using ultrasound diagnostics and various morphological methods to determine the parameters of the thyroid gland, as well as identifying the advantages and disadvantages of these methods to study its shape and topographic features. The object of the study was the thyroid glands obtained at the autopsy and their images during ultrasound examination. The subject of the study were women of mature age. The anatomical methods used were dissection, silicone and epoxy plastination and morphometry.
Silicone plastination consisted of several consecutive steps that did not result in organ deformity. Measurements were taken on gross specimen. Producing of epoxy plastinates involved several steps that resulted in epoxy histotopograms. Thyroid gland parameters were measured on scanned images in Adobe Photoshop CC (2019). The ultrasound examination was performed in a single stage and included both transverse and longitudinal images of the thyroid gland.
Using these methods, linear parameters of the thyroid gland, its shape and syntopy variants were determined. The shape of the thyroid gland was determined on silicone plastinates and by ultrasound scanning. It was found that the most common glands at macroscopic examination were "butterfly" shaped (40%) and H-shaped (26.6%) glands. A regular ellipsoidal shape (28.5%); ellipsoid flattened in the frontal plane (24.6%); ellipsoidal shape shortened along the longitudinal axis (17.7%); and ellipsoidal shape flattened in the sagittal plane (24.6%) were revealed during ultrasound scanning with equal frequency.
The ultrasound examination was found to study the intravital characteristics of the organ, the silicone plastination technique to visualise the external features of the organ and the epoxy technique to study its internal structure at the mesoscopic level.

INFORMATİON-İNNOVATİON PROVİSİON OF SCİENCE OF ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY

2023-04-07T05:43:37-06:00

The article talks about the innovations used to optimize the information system in the modern development of
fundamental medical sciences, such as anatomy and morphology. The article reflects the provision of information
for students studying in these scientific fields, in an innovative way of reflecting knowledge reflected in Internet
resources, and advantages in the educational process. As a result of their research, the authors note that the
application of new innovative information technologies is a promising direction in the development of anatomical
and morphological science and education, as well as in the expansion of conducted research, and they recommend
the expansion of research in this direction.

AZERBAIJAN'S DISTINGUISHED ANATOMIST, KAMILABDUL SALAM OGLU BALAKISHIEV, AND HIS ASSISTANCE TO COLLEAGUES IN YEKATERINBURG

2023-04-08T02:57:46-06:00

The article is dedicated to the outstanding scientist and teacher, the first head of the Chair of Normal Anatomy at the Azerbaijan State Medical Institute named after N. Narimanov (now the Chair of Human Anatomy and Medical Terminology at Azerbaijan Medical University), who was Azerbaijani by nationality. K.A.Balakishiyev worked at his native chair for 50 years, of which he was head of it for 36 years. His contribution to the development of this chair and to the development of anatomy across Azerbaijan was huge. He developed all anatomic, histological and embryological terminology in Azerbaijani language, created the first textbooks on anatomy in Azerbaijani language, which greatly facilitated learning of this subject by Azerbaijani students. The aim of the article was to describe the main stages of life and activity of K.A.Balakishiev and reflect his main achievements as a scientist, teacher, head of the department and public figure. He worked as a surgeon from 1925 to 1933! The authors also planned to remind their colleagues about episodes of K.A. Balakishiev's relations with anatomists of Ekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk) and his considerable help and support. Materials and methods consisted of a study of available literary sources. The summing up led to the conclusion about the great volume of K.A.Balakishiev's work, its multifacetedness and efficiency, about remarkable professional and personal qualities of this scientist, about the great importance of his
help and support for the anatomists of Yekaterinburg.

HEYDAR ALIYEV'S GENIUS

2023-04-06T04:39:21-06:00

Heydar Aliyev, our National Leader, is the founder, creator, builder of the modern state structure model of the independent Republic of Azerbaijan, and the one who gave it eternal life. If you carefully study the biography of our Great Leader, you will be sure that Heydar Aliyev lived with the fate of his native Azerbaijani people all his life, and dedicated his entire conscious life to the progress of his native nation, which he loved with his soul and blood. Our National Leader Heydar Aliyev: "My life purpose is to the people of Azerbaijan, whom I love with all my being." His historical words are confirmed by his lifestyle.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS ON THE LEVEL OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN THE BLOOD PLASMA

2023-04-07T01:31:18-06:00

The purpose of the study was to study the changes in the level of luteinizing hormone in the blood against the background of long-term intake of calcium antagonists. Materials and methods. The research was carried out on 82 male white rats weighing 180-230 grams, each of which reached sexual maturity. Appropriate representatives of calcium antagonists were administered to the animals in the experiment: verapamil 5, 25 mg/kg ("Izoptin" Abbot Laboratories S.A., Italy), nifedipine 5, 10 mg/kg ("Farmadipin" Farmak Ukraine), diltiazem 5, 20 mg/kg ("Diltizem - L", MNIS- Istanbul) was used. The concentration of luteinizing hormone in the blood plasma was determined by the enzyme immunoassay method in the "BioScreen MS-500" device. For this purpose, blood was taken from the heart of experimental animals given ether narcosis. "Elisa kit LH" reagent kit was used to determine the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the blood. Results. The study showed that the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the blood of female rats varies depending on the dose. The concentration of luteinizing hormone in the blood plasma of animals injected with 25 mg/kg dose of verapamil and 20 mg/kg dose of diltiazem was sharply decreased. The concentration of luteinizing hormone in the blood plasma of animals injected with nifedipine at a dose of 10 mg/kg, verapamil 5 mg/kg and diltiazem 5 mg/kg decreased less than the concentration of the corresponding hormone in the blood plasma of injected animals. Conclusion. It can be said that the use of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses of nifedipine is more appropriate for the pharmacotherapy of a number of pathologies where the use of KA is necessary in the reproductive age, compared to other representatives of the relevant drug group.

SOME FEATURES OF NUTRİTİON AND ANGİOARCHİTECTONİCS OF MAMMAARY GLANDS DURİNG MASTOPATHY AND FİBROADENOMA DİSEASES

2023-04-07T02:41:34-06:00

The potential source of the development of breast cancer is various types of dysplastic derivatives of this gland,
which are considered as a precancerous process, Among them first of all, mastopathy and fibroadenoma diseases of
mammary glands occupy the main place. Histological, cytohistoxemical, electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical methods were used in the study of the materials taken in the research work.It has been established that in non-proliferative forms of mastopathy, the blood supply increases compared to the surrounding normal tissue, mainly due to dilation of vessels and filling with blood. The peculiarity of the angioarchitectonics of fibroadenomas of the mammary gland is the histological form of the tumor, the growth of glandular structures is determined by the intensity and proliferative activity of the epithelium.Vessels include separate proliferative
transitions, many coiled vessels are found.
Thus, it was determined that vascularization of tumor tissue during mastopathies and fibroadenomas, angioarchitectonics depends on the type of tumor, histostructure and degree of atypia of proliferating cells.

NFLUENCE OF GEOPHYSICAL AND SEISMIC FACTORS. ON MORTALITY IN GUSAR DISTRICT

2023-04-07T04:51:50-06:00

The aim of the study was to obtain data on the influence of geophysical and seismic factors on mortality in the
Gusar region.
The study established the relationship between the number of deaths, their causes, distribution by sex and age,
earthquake magnitude, epicenter depth and seismological activity by months. The obtained data were statistically
processed using the Statistica 12.0 for Windows application package (Statsoft Inc., USA). To establish correlation
relationships, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated, the results were considered reliable at p<0.05.
In the course of the study, 310 case histories were examined in the Gusar region, of which 154 were men (49.7%)
and 156 were women (50.3%).
In the Gusar region, more people died from heart failure among men - 45.9% and women - 54.1%. When comparing
the sexes and the magnitude of the earthquake, more people died with a magnitude of 1.1-2.0 ml among men -
16.9% and 14.7% among women. In the study of the relationship between the causes of death and the depth of the
seismic process, there were more deaths at a process depth of less than 10 km from acute cerebrovascular accident.
During the study, it turned out that more people died on the days of tremors than in the absence, in particular, 167
people died on the days of earthquakes, including 50.9% of men and 49.1% of women, than in the absence of 143,
of which 48.3 % men and 51.7% women.

PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF CYTOKINE ACTIVATION AND DISORDERS OF THE HEMOSTASIS SYSTEM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

2023-04-08T02:34:20-06:00

The concept of chronic heart failure (CHF) has today shifted from a model of normal heart function to a multi-organ
disorder. This disorder affects not only the cardiovascular system, but also the musculoskeletal, renal, neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thus, it appears that the activation of neurohormones and proinflamatory cytokines in the progression of CHF leads to both heart damage and mutations in the genetic program. Increased SAS activity in patients with CHF against the background of arterial hypertension is a key "trigger" for the activation of the cytokine system. The association of the immune inflammatory response with activated SAS suggests that the use of β-blockers in this group of patients is theoretically justified.
The use of β-blockers in patients with CHF leads to a decrease in the amount of cytokines. As can be seen, the use of β-blockers in this group of patients may be considered pathogenetically correct because the activation of SAS is closely related to the immunological inflammatory response.
Carvedilol, one of the β-blockers in patients with CHF, modulates the activation of the cytokine system. The use of ACE inhibitors, β-blockers and statins in the treatment program has a significant effect.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYMPHID APPARATUS OF NORMAL HUMAN IN- TRAHEPATIC BALL VESSELS

2023-04-07T00:42:01-06:00

The aim of the study was to study the characteristics of the lymphoid apparatus of the intrahepatic bile ducts of a normal person Total preparations of lymphoid derivatives of intrahepatic bile ducts taken from 16 human cadavers were studied by the method of T. Hellman. Microanatomy and microsyntopy of lymphoid structures were studied in microscopic preparations. Microscopic preparations were stained by the Van Gizon method, with hematoxylin-eosin, with methylene blue. lymphoid derivatives of intrahepatic bile ducts were studied on liver preparations. The numerical indicators obtained during the research were processed statistically.
The carried out structural analysis shows that in the walls of intrahepatic bile ducts, a compact gathering of lymphoid cells - lymphoid nodules, diffuse lymphoid tissue is determined. These derivatives are mainly located in the mucosa and submucosa of the walls of the ducts. The cellular composition of lymphoid derivatives is qualitatively the same and is mainly represented by small-sized lymphocytes and reticular cells, which make up 70- 85% of all cells. Large lymphocyte, plasmocytes, and mitosis-marked cells are also found in lymphoid derivatives. In some cases, barrier cells are also identified.

AGE FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE LOWER JAW

2023-04-07T02:14:11-06:00

The purpose of the study is to conduct a morphometric examination of the jawbone and to find out its precise informative signs, based on this, to study the signs of the jawbones and the dynamics of age variation of the facial skull with different shapes through the jawbone.
Study the age dynamics of the lower jaw. Materials and methods were selected from 22 lower jaws (fetus, newborns, children, adults) from the collection of the Museum of Osteology of the Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Terminology of the Azerbaijan Medical University. In newborns, the processes of the lower jaw are shirt, wide and square in shape. The articular processes
are located at the level of the alveolar margins. The shape and position of the articular head are individual and depend on the function of the temporo auxiliary – mandibular joint. Increase in the thickness of the articular process depends in most cases on an increase in the size of the base of the skull, to a lefsser extent on the formation of teeth. If you connect the longest dimensions of the head, the
lines should intersect in front of the foramen magnum, forming an angle.
The distance between the processes of the lower Jaw in the fetus is 12 mm, newborns is 16 mm, children is 11-15 mm, adults is 19-30 mm. Between the processes, a notch of the lower jaw is formed. Depth and width of notch are individual. In most cases, width is 30-37 mm, depth is 12-16 mm. Broadjaces have a wider depth. The distance between the noth and the angle of the lower jaw in the fetus is 15 mm, children is 22-24 mm, adults is 36-54 mm.

TOPOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE VENOUS POOLS OF THE KIDNEY IN THE TRIZONAL SYSTEM OF ITS BLOOD SUPPLY

2023-04-07T04:12:12-06:00

The purpose of this study was to investigate topographic and anatomical features of the structure of the venous pools of the kidney with a three-zone system of its blood supply.
124 polychrome corrosive preparations of the arterial and venous system of the human kidney digitized using a three-dimensional microcomputer tomographic digital system were studied. In the course of the study, a group of kidneys with a three-zone blood supply system (29%) was selected, i.e. with a system where the main renal artery (I-order artery) at the hilum of the kidney divides into 3 zonal arteries (II-order arteries), which in turn form arterial pools in the kidneys. When studying a group of kidneys with a three-zone blood supply system, 4 variants of venous outflow from the kidney with its three-zone blood supply were identified (total: 17.3% of cases, at p≤0.05). The presented variants differed in the structure and course of the renal vessels, namely, in the type of trichotomy
division of the main renal artery “A. renalis” (I), the type of branching of the zonal renal arteries (II), the area of blood supply to various zones and segments of the kidney, as well as the type of venous drainage of 3 zones of the kidney. In variant 1 and 4 of the three-zone system of blood supply to the kidney, the upper anterior, upper posterior, and lower pole arterial pools were identified; ventral and dorsal venous pools (10.7% of cases). These variants differed in the type of branching of the zonal renal arteries. In variant 2, the upper polar, central and lower polar arterial basins were identified; upper and lower polar venous pools (4.3% of cases). In option 3 - lower ventral, lower dorsal and upper pole arterial pools; upper and lower polar venous pools (2.3% of cases).

THE VALUE OF X-RAY SEMİOTİCS İN THE STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASİA İN CHİLDREN

2023-04-07T05:55:19-06:00

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BAD) is a polyetiological chronic disease of a morphologically immature lung that develops in newborns, especially in preterm infants. Dietary supplement ranks first among chronic lung pathologies in young children. Chest X-ray remains the main X-ray method for diagnosing dietary supplements, easily performed in intensive care units and intensive care units. In order to increase the information content of studies, it is advisable to use radiographic scales in the interpretation of radiographs. In general, when evaluating the importance of chest radiography for the diagnosis of dietary supplements, as in other lung diseases, it should be taken into account that the radiograph reflects morphological changes in the lungs that are persistent in children with dietary supplements.

SOME CEPHALOMETRIC DATA-BASED LINEAR-ANGULAR PARAMETERS IN PUBERTY BOYS

2023-04-06T05:02:22-06:00

The study aimed to investigate the some linear-angular parameters in puberty-aged boys based on cephalometry.
Lateral cephalograms of eight puberty-aged boys were used as material in the study. The saddle angle, articular angle, gonial angle, anterior cranial base length, posterior cranial base length, posterior facial height, and anterior facial height were studied. In 4 cases, the obtuse gonial angle coincides with a small posterior facial height (50%). Anterior cranial base length was always within the normal range (100%). The acute saddle angle was found in three cases (37.5%) with a small anterior facial height, and the same parameter was found in three cases (37.5%) with a small posterior facial height. In four cases, the small posterior facial height and small
anterior facial height coincided (50%).

SOME MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE FACIAL CANAL IN MEN AND WOMEN WITH DIFFERENT SKULL SHAPES

2023-04-07T01:47:01-06:00

The purpose of this study was to measure the length of the labyrinth and mastoid (vertical) segments of the facial canal in men and women of the brachio-, dolicho-, and mesocranial skull types.
The material for the study was 133 tomograms taken from the archives of the Department of Radiation Diagnostics and Radiation Therapy of the Azerbaijan Medical University. The studies were performed in sagittal, axial and coronal projections with the identification of the facial canal. All skulls according to the cranial index were divided into brachiocranes (80,0 and up), dolichocranes (74.9 and below) and mesocranes (75,0-79,9). we also conditionally divided the facial canal into three parts: labyrinthine, tympanic and mastoid (or vertical). The length of the labyrinth segment was measured - the distance from the entrance to the facial canal to the middle of the first knee - and the length of the mastoid or vertical segment - the distance from the middle of the second knee to the stylomastoid foramen.
Results of research. Statistical analysis according to the Kruskal Wallis test showed that in brachiocraniums when comparing the length of the labyrinth part in men and women both on the right and on the left (in men on the right - 2.29±0.05, on the left - 2.30±0.04; in Women, respectively - 2.45±0.04 and 2.42±0.03) have significant differences (right - 0.013, left - 0.006). The analysis of these indicators by the Student-Bonferroni method also confirmed the above. Reliable differences were observed in women and when comparing all three groups of skulls with different cranial indices (right – 0.013; left – 0.012). So, in women with brachiocranium, this indicator is on the right - 2.45±0.04, on the left - 2.42±0.03; at dolichocranes respectively - 2.33±0.04 and 2.34±0.03; in mesocranes,
respectively - 2.27±0.03 and 2.29±0.02. In men, no significant differences were observed when comparing brachiocraniums, dolihocraniums, and mesocraniums. When comparing groups according to the Mann-Whitney method, significant differences (0.036) were observed between brachiocranes (7.38±0.22) and dolichocranes (8.08±0.22) in the length of the mastoid segment only in men. When comparing the other groups with the application of various methods of statistical processing, no reliable results were obtained.
Conclusion. The obtained data on measuring the length of the segments showed that the length of the labyrinthine segment to the beginning of the knee of the facial canal is longer in brachiocephalic women than in men. In brachiocephalic women.. The length of the facial canal from the place of transition of the first knee to the stylomastoid foramen was greater in men with dolihocrans on the right compared to other forms of skulls.

THE INTRATRUNK STRUCTURE OF THE RECURENT LARYNGEAL, AND THE OPHTHALMIC NERVES

2023-04-07T03:05:11-06:00

The aim of this work was to study the intratrunk structure of the recurrent laryngeal, and the ophthalmic nerves. The
material for the study was transverse sections of these nerves taken from 10 corpses of people of mature age on
both sides. The nerves were stained according to the method of Weigert - Pal and Krutsay.
The results of the study showed that in adulthood, the recurrent laryngeal and ophthalmic nerves show an increase in
the total number of myelin fibers due to an increase in the number of large and very large myelin nerve fibers.
Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the myelination of peripheral nerves reaches its final values in adulthood.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE STUDY OF INFEC- TIOUS DISEASES

2023-04-07T05:06:27-06:00

The purpose of the study was to study the importance of morphological studies in the study of infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases are currently considered one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Infections
continue to play a major role in human pathology, given the wide discussion of the relationship of many non-
infectious diseases, including the most common diseases, to biological pathogens. Currently, one of the most
promising problems of human physiology and pathology is the state of its microbiome. anatomic-pathological
examinations play an important role in the diagnosis or exclusion of infectious diseases. Morphological study of
biopsies and cytological preparations allows to definitively identify or exclude various diseases. After the
pathologist has determined whether the disease is infectious and characterized the inflammatory response,
associated microorganisms or virus-related cytopathic effects should be recorded. Of course, it indicates the need to
develop a new direction in medicine, which can be conventionally defined as "tissue microbiology", located at the
junction of microbiology, molecular biology and pathomorphology. It is clear that despite the unconditional
achievements of modern research conducted at the cellular level, they cannot answer all the pressing questions
posed by medical practice. Among the promising approaches for solving the discussed problems, morphological
approaches are also important.

NEW DATA ON THE ROLE OF PROHYPERTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

2023-04-08T02:43:34-06:00

A number of industrial factors increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially arterial hypertension. The first reason for this is the emergence of a number of stressors in the workplace. Arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease are more likely to be caused by high psychoemotional factors, especially in truck and long-distance truck drivers, as well as bus drivers. Noise in the workplace as a physical factor is very important in the development of arterial hypertension. One of the prohypertensive factors in the workplace is both local and general vibration.
Arterial hypertension was 32% in patients with vibration disease and only 17.4% in the control group. In addition, radiation and high temperatures in the workplace increase the likelihood of developing hypertension. In addition, arterial hypertension is more common in tram drivers and pilots than in other professions. An increase in atmospheric pressure, as a physical factor, causes an increase in blood pressure in workers. Thus, a number of industrial factors cause arterial hypertension, and they can be considered prohypertensive factors.

CHANCES IN THE RETINA DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF ARTERIAL HYPER- TENSION

2023-04-07T00:59:36-06:00

The main goal of the study was to study the changes in the vascular structure of the retina and the macular area depending on the level of arterial pressure.
The research work was carried out on 25 chinchilla gray rabbits weighing between 3.5-4.0 kg. The decision of the European Bioethical Commission on “Rules of Conduct for Experimental Animals” was strictly followed in the study. In the experiment, 1ml of 2% callipsol solution per kg of weight was injected into the ear vein of rabbits. After the anesthesia both eyes were removed and the changes in the
retinal vascular structure was learned in the micropreparations prepared from it. It was determined that intravenous ergometer maleate blood pressure is high. Depending on the level of pressure rise, the total area of the retinal microcirculatory network, medium-diameter arteries and the number of hemocapillaries decreases. With the decrease in the number of hemocapillaries, the orrifice also narrows.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN CYTOKINE INDICATORS AND D VITAMIN INDIDCATOR IN CHILDREN WITH ATYPICAL FORM BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

2023-04-07T02:26:52-06:00

Study of pathogenetic mechanism of atypical inflammation caused by bronchial asthma in children and choosing of necessary treatment method is very relevant today. Heterogeneous nature of pathogenesis of disease is explaned as combination of immunological and non-immunological mechanisms in it. Thus, in bronchial asthma, Vitamin D supply is very necessary for formation of adequate immune reaction and significant in the pathogenesis of disease. It can be interpreted in result of correlation analysis of indicators received from the submitted scientific work that, amount of vitamin D in blood serum has direct correlation with the increase of rate of allergy and asthma. And this is evaluated by the improvement of the clinical effectiveness of the individual approach to the treatment of bronchial asthma, as well as the extension of the remission period.

TOPOGRAPHICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY VENOUS POOLS WITH A TWO-ZONE SYSTEM OF ITS CULOUS SUPPLY WITH THE VENTRAL AND DORSAL ARTERIES FORMING THE VENTRAL AND DORSAL ZONES IN THE KIDNEYS

2023-04-07T04:30:48-06:00

The purpose of this study was to study the topographic and anatomical features of the structure of the venous pools of the kidney with a two-zone system of its blood supply by the ventral and dorsal arteries, which form the ventral and dorsal zones in the kidneys. Initially, 124 polychrome corrosive preparations of the arterial and venous system of the human kidney, digitized using a three dimensional microcomputer tomographic digital system, were studied. 88 drugs were selected (70.9%, at p≤0.05) with a dual-zone system of blood supply to the kidney; with subsequent isolation of kidney preparations, in which the main renal artery (I) dichotomously divides relative to the frontal plane into the ventral and dorsal arteries of the II order, supplying the ventral and dorsal zones of the kidney (74 cases out of 124 - 59.7%, at p≤0, 05). During the study, topographic and anatomical features of local blood supply
and venous drainage were established in the dichotomous variant of the division of the main renal artery (I) into the ventral and dorsal arteries of the second order. It was revealed that the structure of the arterial and venous basins depends on the type of intraorgan branching of arteries of various orders; allocate loose and main types. In addition, arteries and veins with different anatomical variants differ in quantitative and topographic features. It has been established that the venous drainage system has a similar structure to the arterial bed, but differs in that there is no clear formation of isolated zones of venous outflow. 11 variants of venous outflow from the ventral and dorsal half of the kidney were identified, differing in the type of fusion of the interlobar veins and the course of the veins of the second order, as well as in the area of venous drainage (51.8% of cases were established in total, at p≤0.05).

RECURRENT INFECTIONS RESPIRATORY TRACT AS TRIGGERS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

2023-04-07T06:06:29-06:00

Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in children. The interest of local and foreign authors in the relationship between respiratory viral infection and asthma exacerbations, which has not been extinguished for many years, indicates the relevance of this problem. In modern pediatrics, the term "recurrent respiratory infections" (RRI) is used, denoting repeated episodes of ARI. The most vulnerable of them are children with chronic bronchopulmonary pathology, in particular BA. With the introduction of highly sensitive and highly specific PCR methods, it has been proven that more than 80% of BA exacerbations in children are combined with ARI. Any respiratory virus can trigger an asthma exacerbation. However, the main candidate viruses are RV, RSV, adenoviruses, and parainfluenza viruses.
Thus, ARI has been the most common trigger for exacerbation of asthma in preschool children for many decades. In turn, exacerbation of asthma predisposes to repeated episodes of ARI.

GANGLIONS OF NERVE PLEXUS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL COMPOSITION

2023-04-07T00:29:34-06:00

The material of the research was made up of material of dense ileaceecal intestine area taken from 23 cadavers belonging to different age periods of human extrauterine development and both gender.
In the study, microscopic preparations were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, methylene blue, and Van Gizon methods. In addition, impregnation with silver salts (Ranvier-Goyer and Bilshovsky-Gross methods), universal impregnation methods of selective detection of argyrophile structures were used in the study.
The results of the study show that large intestine ganglia are compact structures clearly separated from the surrounding tissue and composed of neuronal bodies, glial cell nuclei, and dense neuropil. They consist of neuronal bodiessurrounded by densely packed axons, dendrites, and glial cells and a small amount of intercellular substance. The cells in the ganglia do not have clear boundaries, the space around them is filled with weak eosinophilic neuropil. A large number (up to 60%) of type II Dogel cells are identified in these ganglia. Most of them are multipolar. In addition to type II Dogel cells, a significant number of type I Dogel cells were identified in the ganglia of the ileocecal region, forming local ganglionic assemblies. According to the received data, the number of type I Dogel cells in the ganglions of both the intramuscular and submucosal plexus of the large intestine increases towards the rectum. Some type I Dogel cells have an elongated shape, a centrally located nucleus, and numerous short cytoplasmic protrusions extending along the entire perimeter of the perikaryo. Bipolar form of type II Dogel cells predominates. Single pseudounipolar type II Dogel cells are found in rectal ganglia. It was determined by us that Gajal cells are located in the muscular membrane of the large intestine and on the basis of the submucosa near the wall of blood microvessels.

CHARACTERİSTİCS OF THE İNNERVATİON ZONE DEPENDİNG ON THE FORMATİON, COURSE, BRANCHİNG OPTİONS AND CONNECTİONS OF THE TRANSVERSE CERVİCAL AND SUPRACLAVİCULAR NERVES OF THE CERVİCAL PLEXUSES

2023-04-07T01:58:27-06:00

The purpose of the work. To study the properties of innervation in the branches of the cervical plexus, depending on the formation, course, branching and connections of the transversecervical and supraclavicular nerves of the neck.
Materials and methods. For research, both bodies were measured by age by means of macromicroscopic method proposed by V.P Vorobyev (1925) on 16 corpse preparations fixed within the limits of 2.0% formalin, photographed and reflected in the schemes.
Conclusions. The characteristics of the innervation zones of the transverse cervical and supraclavicular nerves of the neck, depending on the variants of the formation, course, branching and connections of the cervical plexus were studied.