Journal of Theoretical, Clinical and Experimental Morphology

MODERN APPROACH TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTİC TREATMENT İ N ONCOLOGİCAL PRACTİCE AND İTS BASİC PRİNCİPLES.

Heybatova M. F., Ganiev M. M. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific research on the study and treatment of oncological diseases. As of 2024, 22 million new cases of cancer were registered in the world, and 9.8 million people died from cancer. 54.2 million people lived 5 years after diagnosis. During this period, every ninth man and every twelfth woman suffering from cancer died. By 2050, the number of people suffering from cancer will increase by 77% and will amount to 35 million. Mortality from cancer will double.
Currently, three main methods are used in the treatment of oncological diseases: 1; treatment with chemical, immunological, hormonal and other drugs 2; radiation therapy with ionizing radiation, 3; surgical removal of tumor tissue from damaged organs. Chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of oncological diseases. The most commonly used drugs in this series include cyclophosphamid and doxorubicine. Cyclophosphamide is biotransformed in the liver to form an active metabolite with an alkylating effect. Alkylated metabolites, acting on the nucleophilic centers of protein molecules, cause DNA chain breaks and inhibition of mitotic division in tumor cells. Doxorubicin forms a strong complex with DNA, causing transcription blockade. RNA polymerase is more sensitive to doxorubicin than DNA polymerase.

THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LIVER DISEASES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN TREATMENT

Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Oxidative stress reflects the imbalance between the excessive formation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and limited antioxidant defenses. A direct consequence of excessive ROS production derives from its interaction with cellular biomolecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, which are modified and may cause cell death. Besides exogenous sources, such as ionizing radiation, diet, metals, pesticides or other toxic compounds, ROS are also generated endogenously as byproducts of a variety of enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways that require molecular oxygen and are likely involved in the pathogenesis of different human diseases including liver diseases. Liver is one of the most critical organs in the body due to its numerous functions.

CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF PALATINE TONSILS SWABS IN MILITARY PERSONNEL UNDER VARIOUS CLIMATIC AND SERVICE CONDITIONS

Guliyeva J. E. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

This article explores the clinical and prognostic significance of cytological examination of tonsillar swabs in military personnel serving in various climatic conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the critical role of early diagnosis of infectious diseases such as tonsillitis, which can significantly affect the health status and operational readiness of service members. The study analyzes the impact of different climatic factors on the prevalence of infections and justifies the necessity for systematic monitoring of the tonsillar mucosa. The methodology for collecting and cytologically analyzing tonsillar swabs is described in detail, enabling accurate detection of inflammatory and infectious processes. It is highlighted that timely identification of pathological changes helps prevent complications and contributes to more effective treatment. The article also discusses the practical importance of regular tonsillar condition monitoring in military medicine, underscoring its role in maintaining the health of personnel and enhancing unit readiness. In conclusion, the use of cytological methods for tonsillar swab examination is presented as a vital tool for improving the quality of medical care within military populations and optimizing preventive and therapeutic interventions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRST ORGANS DAMAGED IN HYPERTENSION THE BRAIN, HEART AND KIDNEYS

Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Systemic arterial hypertension is characterized by persistently high blood pressure (BP) in the systemic arteries. BP is commonly expressed as the ratio of the systolic BP (that is, the pressure that the blood exerts on the hypertension depend on the measurement method. Several aetiologies can underlie arterial walls when the heart contracts) and the diastolic BP.
The BP thresholds that define hypertension. The majority (90 90–95%) of patients have a highly heterogeneous essential or primary hypertension with a multifactorial gene gene-environment aetiology.

THE ANALYSIS OF HEIGHT HEIGHT-LENGTH INDEX IN THE CRANIAL DEFORMATION

Abdullayev A.S. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The aim of the study was to investigate the height height-length index in terms of skull deformations. The study material included 200 non non-deformed and 54 deformed skulls. Craniometric and cranioscopic methods were used in the study. The mean (M), median (Me), and 25% and 75% percentiles (Percentile 25, Percentile 75) of the studied parameters were calculated. Low and medium skulls were more typical for non non-deformed skulls; high skulls were more typical for deformed skulls (P χ2=0.017). Analysis of the height height-width index showed that high skulls (acrocranes) are more common among deformed skulls (35.3%) compared to the group of non non-deformed (19.0%) skulls (P χ2=0.018). The statistically insignificant difference in the longitudinal and transverse dimensions between the non non-deformed and deformed skulls, as well as the establishment of a statistically significant difference in the height of the basion basion-bregma between the above groups, is a consequence of the fact that the basion point on the base of the skull and the bregma point on its vault were displaced as a result of deformation. In cases of deformation, the displacement of the basion leads to an elongation of the skull base (P F <0.001, P U =0.001) and the depth of the face (PF<0.001, PU=0.002) compared to the group of non non-deformed skulls. It was also found that the frontal chord in deformed skulls is larger, and the bregma is located behind (PF=0.003; PU=0.006). For the parietal chord, the mean value for non non-deformed skulls was 108.0 mm (Me – 107.7 mm, Q1, Percentile 25 – 102.4 mm, Q3, Percentile 75 – 112.2 mm); with deformation, the mean value of the studied parameter was 110.9 mm (Me – 110.5 mm, Q1, Percentile 25 – 105.0 mm, Q3, Percentile 75 – 115.0 mm). The difference was statistically significant (PF=0.007; PU=0.005). Analysis of the height height-length index on the cranial sutures, where the measurement points are located, showed that the processes of growth and formation occur according to patterns with very complex regulation mechanisms. The study shows the localization of the basion and bregma based on craniometric indicators, cranial sutures, and the pyramidal angle.

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE SPREAD OF DISEASES

Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of climate change on the level of morbidity in our republic. 2023 became the warmest year in the last 174 years. The average global temperature increased by 1.45°C compared to the pre pre-industrial level. Over the last 50 years, the number of registered natural disasters has increased 5 times. If this trend continues, it is predicted that by 2030, 1.5 and 560 medium and large natural disasters will occur daily. Global warming contributes to the spread of infectious and invasive diseases around the world. The Republic of Azerbaijan has not remained aloof from the influence of global climate change. The analysis shows that over the last 100 years, the average annual temperature in Azerbaijan has increased by 0.4 0.4-1.301.30С. In order to study the influence of the average monthly air temperature on the level of morbidity of the population, the level of morbidity of various diseases in multi multi-year dynamics for 2010 2010-2023 was analyzed. In 2023, when the average monthly air temperature was the highest, the level of general morbidity, infectiousinfectious-parasitic and non non-infectious morbidity was significantly higher than in previous years. A strong positive correlation between them was confirmed this year. It is established that the level of morbidity has a general tendency of growth, with fluctuations over many years. This is observed practically in all diseases. Such a tendency is observed in all age groups. The obtained results show that there is a strong positive correlation between the average monthly air temperature and the level of morbidity and also prove that climate change affects the level of morbidity both in our republic and throughout the world.

MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARGINAL TUBERCLE OF THE ZYGOMATIC BONE IN THE ELDERLY

Nadirli Z.O. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The objective of this study was to assess the morphometric parameters of the marginal tubercle of the zygomatic bone in elderly individuals, to compare measurements between the right and left sides, and to analyze sex sex-related differences.
A retrospective analysis was conducted using computed tomography (CT) scans of 91 elderly patients (51 females and 40 males) obtained from the archive of the Radiology Department of the Teaching Surgery Clinic at Azerbaijan Medical University. Imaging was performed using a Toshiba Aquilion CXL CT scanner. Morphometric measurements were carried out using the
RadiAnt DICOM Viewer software, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0.
The results revealed no statistically significant difference between the right and left sides in males (p = 0.775), indicating bilateral symmetry of the marginal tubercle. In contrast, females exhibited statistically significant asymmetry (p < 0.05). A strong correlation was found between the size of the marginal tubercle and the orbital width in females (R ² = 0.91; r ≈ 0.43 0.43–0.46), whereas in males, a weak but statistically significant correlation was observed only on the right side (r = 0.188; p < 0.05). These findings indicate a pronounced lateral asymmetry in marginal tubercle morphology in elderly females, with a clearer relationship between its dimensions and orbital width. In males, the tubercle displayed greater bilateral symmetry. These sex sex-specific differences are likely influenced by genetic and hormonal factors, consistent with previous anthropological observations. The morphometric data obtained in this study have important implications for anthropology, clinical practice, and radiological evaluation. Recognition of anatomical variation in the marginal tubercle may facilitate more individualized approaches in craniofacial trauma management, neurosurgical planning, and reconstructive procedures. Furthermore, the findings may prove useful in the diagnosis of craniofacial anomalies, population population-based anthropological studies, and forensic identification.

FORENSIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF HEAD AND NECK INJURIES IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

Mikayilov U. S., Bunyatov M. O., Mammadov Z. M. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The article presents data on the study of forensic medical characteristics of head and neck injuries occurring in road traffic accidents. The study included 120 patients who received head and neck injuries in road traffic accidents. In most age groups, there were more men than men in the patients, with an overall male to female ratio of 7:1. Of the total number of registered individuals, 22 (18,33%) injuries were found in children, and most cases were related to falls. The most common age group was 2121–30 years. The maximum number of accidents (78 cases, 65%) occurred at night, and 29 (37,17%) of them were related to driving under the influence of alcohol. The clinical examination findings ranged from simple abrasion, swelling/hematoma, contusion to ruptures and tissue loss. Of the 85 patients with bleeding from the ear, throat, nose, 24 (28,23%) had bleeding from the ears, 47 (55,29%) from the nose and 14 (16,48%) from the oral cavity. 54 (45%) patients required neurosurgery, 61 (50,83%) - ophthalmological, 73 (60,83%) - maxillofacial surgery. Maxillofacial injuries after road accidents are more common, since the face is the most exposed part of the body. According to the classification, 53 (44,16%) cases fell into the mild category, 41 (34,16%) cases fell into the moderate category and 26 (21,68%) cases fell into the severe category, respectively.

STRUCTURAL AND MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF LYMPHOID STRUCTURES OF HUMAN INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS IN NORMAL CONDITIONS, WITH CONGENITAL BILIARY ATRESIA AND IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF MECHANICAL BILE BLOCKADE IN ANIMALS

Aliyeva N. H., Shadlinskaya S. V. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The aim of the research is to study the structural and morphometric characteristics of the lymphoid structures of human intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts in normal conditions, with congenital biliary atresia and in an experimental model of mechanical bile blockade.
The material for the study was intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts taken from 140 cadavers of both sexes and different ages. In addition, studies preparations taken from the corpses of newborn children with congenital biliary atresia. The experiments were conducted on 30 adult rabbits of any particular breed.

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE SPREAD OF DISEASES

Zamanov N.T., Ahmadova N. M., Aliyeva Z. Q. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

Both pharmacological and non non-pharmacogical approaches are used in the treatment of OA. Special attention is paid to the role of physiotherapy as a non non-pharmacological approach. 70 patients reseiving complex treatment were included in the study. All patients, including the control group (30 patients). Were prescribed the following medications. Novators Pharma s Chondroxyl (Chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate, methyl methionine sulfate), a non non-steroidal anti anti-inflammatory druq (meloxevin 20 mg) and Novalance (lansoprazole 30 mg) to protect the qastric mucoza. All patients were prescribed active phase markers of inflammation CRP, ESR, fibrinogen, as well as X X-ray examination of the joints, and in some cases MRI.
After a 15 session treatment courseç X X-ray examinations were perfomed on patients with OA of the joints. No edema was observed in any patients. The effectiveness of the treatment was compared in both the control group and the main group
receiving Naftalan.
It waz found thatin the main group where Naftalan was applied? Joint pain was relieved in 96% of patients with first degree OA. In patients with 2nd degree OA, this fiqure was 85%. As for the control group, the fiqures were determined as follows: 85% for 1st degree OA, and 60% for 2nd degree OA.

MORPHOMETRIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE JUGULAR FORAMEN IN METOPIC SKULLS

Rzayeva A.M. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The aim of the present study was to examine the shape, morphometric parameters, and topographic features of the jugular foramen in metopic skulls of different ages, sexes, and cranial indices. The study material consisted of 4 skulls with metopic sutures obtained from the osteological collection of the Department of Human Anatomy at Azerbaijan Medical University. On both the right and left sides, the maximum length and width of each jugular foramen were measured, and their surface area was calculated based on these dimensions. To determine topographic features, the distance from the center of the jugular foramen to the following anatomical landmarks was measured: the apex of the mastoid process, the center of the jugular jugular-mastoid foramen, the center of the external acoustic meatus, the posterior margin of the foramen magnum (opisthion). Out of the 4 examined metopic skulls, 3 belonged to females. The analysis revealed that the jugular foramen in brachycranial skulls was more elongated (pear pear-shaped or dumbbell dumbbell-shaped). In both dolichocranial and brachycranial skulls, the area of the jugular foramen was larger on the right side than on the left. Specifically, in a brachycranial skull, the maximum area on the right was 130.8 mm ² and the minimum was 74.0 mm ². This foramen was located closer to the jugular jugular-mastoid foramen and showed a positive correlation with increasing cranial width and age. It was determined that the shape, dimensions, area, and topographic position of the jugular foramen in metopic skulls depend on cranial index and age. These findings are of particular importance for surgeons, otolaryngologists, and anesthesiologists (e.g., in performing the Auriculotemporal nerve block), and they provide a foundation for further integrated morphological and clinical research.
The described parameters may be useful in evaluating jugular foramen pathologies and adjacent regions in metopic skulls. It was determined that the shape, dimensions, area, and topographic position of the jugular foramen in metopic skulls depend on cranial index and age. These findings are of particular importance for surgeons, otolaryngologists, and anesthesiologists (e.g., in performing the Auriculotemporal nerve block), and they provide a foundation for further integrated morphological and clinical research. The described parameters may be useful in evaluating jugular foramen pathologies and adjacent regions in metopic skulls.

FEATURES OF CONDUCTING FORENSIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF INJURIES WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Mikayilov U. S., Bunyatov M. O., Mammadov Z. M. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTRANEURAL STRUCTURE OF THE FACIAL NERVE BEFORE ENTERING AND AFTER EXITING THE EPONYMOUS CANAL

Kerimzade G. E., Shadlinskaya S. V., Mövsümov N.T. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The purpose of the study was to investigate the intraneural structure of the facial nerve at its intracranial (cisternal) segment and at the region distal to its exit from the stylomastoid foramen.
Material and methods. The obtained samples were fixed in a solution composed of 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde, 4% sucrose, and 0.1% picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4), and submitted to the Electron Microscopy Laboratory. Initially, the samples were removed from the fixative and rinsed three times (15 minutes each, total 45 minutes) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4). According to standard protocols for light and electron microscopy, the post post-fixation stage involved treating the tissue fragments in a mixed solution of 1% OsO ₄ , 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and 1.5% potassium ferricyanide for 1.5 hours.
The results of the study. In the intracranial portion of the facial nerve, the total area of myelinated nerve fibers was 16,290.91 μ m ², corresponding to 77.08% of the total fascicular area. A total of 50,528 myelinated fibers were identified. Among these, fibers with a diameter of 11–4 μ m com- prised 22.52% (11,379 fibers), with a mean diameter of 3.05 ± 0.07 μ m (range: 1.731.73–3.99 μ m); fibers of 44–8 μ m diameter accounted for 41.22% (20,828 fibers), mean diameter: 6.20 ± 0.12 μ m (range: 4.074.07–7.98 μ m); and fibers of 88–12 μ m diameter represented 36.26% (18,321 fibers), mean diameter: 9.11 ± 0.07 μ m (range: 8.018.01–11.55 μ m). After exiting the facial canal, the nerve consisted of multiple fascicles. The number of fascicles was on average 6.0 ± 0.51 on the right side and 6.5 ± 0.53 on the left. Myelinated fibers formed the primary structural component of the facial nerve, occupying 77.3 ± 40.6% of the total cross cross-sectional area on the right side. On the left side, this value was slightly lower. The total number of myelinated fibers was 5,982.5 ± 413.1 on the right and 5,277.3 ± 513.5 on the left.
Conclusion. We assume that there is as much a relationship between the degree of Bell's palsy and the cross cross-sectional diameter of the facial canal as possible. Thus, measuring only the diameter of the facial canal without measuring the diameter of the nerve can be confusing. For this reason, our research aiming to find this relationship will be more accurate.

EFFİCİENCY OF USİNG A HYALURONİC ACİD ACİD-BASED DRUG İN THE TREATMENT OF PERİ PERİ-İMPLANT MUCOSİTİS

Ahmedbeyli C.R., Shikhaliyeva F.A. — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 00:00:00 -0600

The high prevalence of peri peri-implant diseases determines the relevance of studying the issues of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of plaque index and quality of life in patients with perimucositis against the background of traditional plaque index and quality of life in patients with perimucositis against the background of traditional and proposed therapy methods. Patients were divided into three groups: Control group (20 and proposed therapy methods. Patients were divided into three groups: Control group (20 patients) patients) - removal of plaque in patients mechanically using special plastic curettes; Conditional removal of plaque in patients mechanically using special plastic curettes; Conditional control group (20 patients) control group (20 patients) - removal of plaque by a doctor using the Master Piezon EMS device removal of plaque by a doctor using the Master Piezon EMS device and the patient using an antiseptic containing 0.05% chlorhexidine bigluconate; Main group (20 and the patient using an antiseptic containing 0.05% chlorhexidine bigluconate; Main group (20 patients) patients) - removal of plaque by a Master Piezon EMS device and the patient using a product removal of plaque by a Master Piezon EMS device and the patient using a product containing hyaluronic acid (Hy+Al Gel). In all three groups, comparative clinical examination containing hyaluronic acid (Hy+Al Gel). In all three groups, comparative clinical examination methods (PI index) of the oral cavity of patients before treatment and after treatment (1, 3 months) methods (PI index) of the oral cavity of patients before treatment and after treatment (1, 3 months) were studied. During the study, longwere studied. During the study, long-term indicators of quality of life related to dental health were term indicators of quality of life related to dental health were examined based on the OHIPexamined based on the OHIP-1414-RU questionnaire. During the examination of patients, after the RU questionnaire. During the examination of patients, after the comprehensive application of Hy+Al Gel in the main group, the indicators of the dental plaque comprehensive application of Hy+Al Gel in the main group, the indicators of the dental plaque index (DPI) and OHIPindex (DPI) and OHIP-14 questionnaire were more satisfactory than in the other groups.14 questionnaire were more satisfactory than in the other groups.